In a significant step towards lasting peace and stability in the Great Lakes Region, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Rwanda have formally signed a comprehensive agreement in Washington D.C. today.
The landmark accord addresses critical issues including territorial integrity, the neutralization of armed groups, joint security mechanisms, humanitarian concerns, and regional economic integration.
The agreement, which takes effect immediately upon signature, aims to definitively end hostilities and foster a new era of cooperation between the two nations, which have long been plagued by conflict and mistrust.
Key Pillars of the Agreement:
1. Upholding Territorial Integrity and Prohibiting Hostilities
Both parties have committed to respecting each other's territorial integrity and explicitly prohibiting all acts of aggression and support for hostile activities or armed groups.
A crucial element is the commitment to implement the Harmonized Plan for the Neutralization of the FDLR (Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda) and the disengagement of forces by Rwanda, as outlined in the CONOPS of October 31, 2024.
This signifies a shared approach to tackling a long-standing source of regional instability.
2. Disarmament and Integration of Non-State Armed Groups
The agreement underscores a commitment to ending all state support to non-state armed groups. It explicitly supports ongoing negotiations between the DRC and the AFC/M23, mediated by Qatar, for disarmament and demobilization.
Critically, any potential integration of combatants into the Congolese security forces will be rigorous and conditional, prioritizing human rights records and loyalty to the state.
3. Establishment of a Joint Security Coordination Mechanism
Within 30 days, a joint DRC-Rwanda security coordination mechanism will be launched.
This mechanism is designed to foster stability and transparency in operations, with a core principle being the "irreversible and verifiable end to state support for FDLR and associated armed groups."
4. Addressing Humanitarian Concerns
Recognizing the immense human cost of conflict, the agreement prioritizes the safe, voluntary, and dignified return of refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs).
It also mandates the creation of enabling conditions for unimpeded humanitarian assistance to vulnerable populations.
5. Bolstering Multilateral Support
Both nations have pledged to facilitate and support the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUSCO) in its mandate to protect civilians and promote peace.
They also commit to advancing relevant UN Security Council resolutions.
6. Forging Regional Economic Integration
Perhaps one of the most forward-looking aspects of the agreement is the commitment to launch a phased regional economic integration framework within three months.
This framework aims to leverage the region's critical mineral supply chains, expand trade and investment, and introduce greater transparency to block illicit economic pathways.
It specifically mentions cooperation on shared priorities like national park management, hydropower development, and derisking mineral supply chains, with potential partnerships with the US government and investors.
Implementation and Oversight
To ensure effective implementation and resolve any disputes, a Joint Oversight Committee (JOC) has been established.
This committee, comprising both parties, will also invite representatives from the African Union Facilitator, Qatar, and the United States to serve.
The JOC's mandate includes receiving complaints, monitoring violations, and resolving disputes, with its first meeting slated to occur within 45 days of the agreement's entry into force, potentially in Washington D.C.
This comprehensive agreement marks a pivotal moment, signaling a shared determination by DR Congo and Rwanda to move beyond past conflicts and build a more stable, prosperous future for their people and the broader Great Lakes Region.