Kagame repeatedly insisted that Rwanda will do “whatever it takes” to protect itself, without giving much information about what this entails.

“Nobody,” including the United Nations or the international community “is going to do it for us,” the leader said.

When asked again if he was sending troops to the DR Congo, Kagame said that Rwanda will do “anything to protect itself,” telling Madowo to “read whatever you want to read from what I’m telling you.”

The simmering conflict between Rwanda and the DRC, which share a border, has since exploded following the M23’s advance into Goma.

Rwandan government spokesperson Yolande Makolo told CNN that, as of Monday, 16 people have been killed in Rwanda “during the shelling from the fighting in Goma.”

Last week, DR Congo leader Felix Tshisekedi vowed “a vigorous and coordinated response” against M23, describing the group as Rwanda’s “puppet.”

The rebel alliance told CNN it was working to “install a new administration” in Goma and would march on to capture more territories, including the neighbouring South Kivu province and the national capital Kinshasa.

“Effectively our struggle cannot be limited to Goma, the objective remains to overthrow Tshisekedi and to install a new leadership capable of finding solutions to the problems faced by our people,” its spokesperson Tesongo said.

However, the M23 on Monday evening declared a ceasefire and said they would focus on securing their gains in Goma.